大国为何竞相登月——空间时代的地缘政治解读

新世纪以来,世界主要力量掀起了新一波以登月为重要目标的空间竞争。月球在太空地缘政治结构中具有特殊的战略地位,它是下控地球空间的制高点,上通太阳空间的门户,而且月球是地球未来的战略能源基地、太空工业基地和科研基地,具有其它天体不可替代的战略价值。大国竞相登月,实质上是出于对月球战略地位与价值的长远考虑,进行超前部署,争夺制天主动权。     

强化行业管理 规范市场秩序

我国实施全面对外开放和区域经济发展战略,创造了市场经济的宽松条件,形成企业经营多角化、市场主体多元化、经济发展多样化的局势.这使得行业发展复杂化,出现了行业管理被分化、行业竞争无序、布局失控,造成市场秩序问题.面对这种状况亟需构建由法律约束、行业自律、消费者监督等机制组成的行业管理体系,以加强行业布局调整、行业进出机制、行业市场规范、行业竞争环境的管理,规范市场秩序.     

市场交易的基本原则——《中国反不正当竞争法》第2条第1款释论

市场交易是理解第 2条第 1款的入口 ,第 2条第 1款是确立市场交易的基本原则的基础而非依据 ,遵守公认的商业道德既是法律适用二元化的体现 ,也是竞争法的一般性条款 ,具有兜底性。     

Competition between unions as a stimulus for initiating reform: the Israeli case, 1958–2015

The article identifies characteristics and consequences of competition between two teachers’ unions as a component of multi-unionism. The study aimed to clarify the consequences of this competition for the education system following the splitting of one teachers’ union and formation of a new union, which challenged both its rival and the policy-makers. The study focuses particularly on the development of the newer union. Data was gathered from documents written between 1958 and 2013, and supplementary interviews were conducted with 15 key figures in the unions, the Ministry of Education, and the Treasury. While research literature usually describes the conduct of teachers’ unions on a continuum between hindrance and facilitation of educational reforms, the study’s findings add an additional dimension relating to the possibility that competition between two teachers’ unions can engender competitive proposals for educational reform and act as a catalyst for change in educational policy. The rivalry led to the emergence of two similar, but competing, educational reforms, accepted by government and in effect today in all the schools. The study provides information on different levels of competition between the teachers’ unions, and the leeway for action that a union has as an interest group.     

Outside and inside competition for international organizations—from analysis to innovations

The analysis of the competitive environment of international organizations has been neglected in scholarly research. Both the external and the internal type of competition in international organizations are rather weak and their performance is far from ideal. To strengthen both types of competition, several tentative proposals are advanced. They range from the introduction of an international competition agency, competition rules, a monitoring institute, voucher systems, matching contributions, popular participation rights by citizens to the use of prediction markets and institutionalized devil’s advocates. These proposals are put forward to stimulate discussion and to advance new ideas about the design of international organizations.

地方政府竞争性行为的分解与中国地区经济差距的构成

由于地方政府的经济主体与利益主体地位的形成,在不同程度上调动了各地方政府发展地区经济的积极性。这种积极性根植于地方政府之间以及地方政府和中央政府之间利益的差异性中,经常演变为政府间的竞争性行为,继而对地区差距产生了重大影响。通过将地方政府竞争因素分解为财政分权、转移支付、区域市场发育、地方基础设施建设、地区优惠政策、地区资本形成和区域人口流动七大因素,利用各分解因素的替代统计指标,可以初步判断地方政府竞争对地区经济差异形成和发展的影响程度。     

欧盟公司法改革评析

2001年以来,欧盟在管理方式、信息披露、公司监管、股东利益保护等方面对公司法进行了系统化的革新。这对从体系结构、公司监管以及股东利益保护等方面进一步完善我国公司法具有重要的借鉴意义。     

《反不正当竞争法》的几点需要完善之处

我国《反不正当竞争法》自1993年颁行以来,在实践中取得了很大成效。但由于受传统习俗以及市场经济条件下不断出现的新情况的影响,各种新的不正当竞争行为在新行业、新领域中时有出现。其中,传销与直销领域、互联网领域中出现的一些不正当竞争行为,是现有的《反不正当竞争法》需要进一步加以规制的。同时,在新环境下,消费者在维护竞争关系中的积极作用也不容忽视。     

对我国《反不正当竞争法》调整对象和调整方法的反思——以马克思竞争理论为研究路径

我国《反不正当竞争法》以竞争管理关系为调整对象,以行政处罚为主要调整方法,抹杀了该法的经济法属性,成为一部“经济行政法”。必须以马克思竞争理论和经济法理念为指导,深刻揭示竞争关系才是《反不正当竞争法》的调整对象,“反不正当竞争诉讼”应成为主要的调整方法,以便更好的促进市场竞争的发展。     

Bye-Bye Bipolarism: The 2015 Regional Elections and the New Shape of Regional Party Systems in Italy

In May 2015, 19 million Italians were called to renew the legislative assemblies and presidencies of seven regions, thus concluding an electoral cycle begun in February 2013 that involved all the 15 ordinary statute regions. Beyond their immediate relevance – of the 15 incumbent presidents only three were confirmed in office – these elections represented a turning point for regional party systems, paralleling the earthquake of the 2013 general elections. The ‘fragmented bipolarism’ characterising elections in Italy at the two levels since the mid-1990s, has been replaced by a multipolar competition, as a consequence of the consolidating presence of the Movimento 5 Stelle and the internal divisions of the centre-right coalition. At the same time, fragmentation of regional councils has remained high. The evolution of regional party systems and patterns of competition are analysed in this paper, taking into account the electoral offer, turnout and results in the majoritarian and proportional arenas of the 15 ordinary statute regions.